Adverbial clause

Adverbial Clause

Pengertian Adverbial Clause

Adverbial clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adverb (kata keterangan) dan memberikan informasi tentang verb (kata kerja), adjective (kata sifat), atau adverb yang berada pada independent clause dengan kapasitasnya menjawab pertanyaan:

Ø  how (bagaimana)

Ø  when (kapan)

Ø  where (di mana)

Ø  why (mengapa)

Ø  to what degree (sampai tingkat apa)

Adverbial clause dimulai dengan suatu kata yang disebut subordinate conjunction (seperti: when, after, because, dan though) yang menghubungkannya dengan independent clause. Gabungan adverbial clause dan independent clause disebut complex sentence.

Macam-macam adverbial clause antara lain:

1.    adverbial clause of time (waktu)

2.    adverbial clause of place (tempat)

3.    adverbial cause and effect (sebab dan akibat)

4.    adverbial clause purpose and result (tujuan dan hasil)

5.    adverbial clause of condition (pengandaian)

6.    adverbial clause of contrast/consession (pertentangan)

7.    adverbial clause of manner (cara)

8.    adverbial clause of reason (alasan)

Rumus Adverbial Clause

Secara umum rumus complex sentence dan adverbial clause sebagai berikut.

Adverbial Clause

Complex Sentence

 

Posisi Adverbial Clause

Adverbial clause dapat berada di awal kalimat, kemudian diikuti oleh independent clause. Sebaliknya, independent clause dapat berada di awal kalimat, kemudian diikuti oleh adverbial clause. Jika berada di awal, diujung klausa ini diberi tanda baca koma.

di awal	Because I have nothing to say, I can’t start a conversation. (Karena saya tidak ada yang dapat saya katakan, saya tidak dapat memulai sebuah percakapan.)
di akhir	I can’t start a conversation because I have nothing to say.

Fungsi dan Contoh Kalimat Adverbial Clause

Fungsi	Contoh Kalimat Adverbial Clause
memberikan informasi tentang verb	You were sleeping when she arrived. (Dia tiba ketika kamu sedang tertidur.) Keterangan: §  verb = were sleeping §  subordinate conjunction = when
memberikan informasi tentang adjective	Her face looks fresh because she always eats well, sleeps enough, and exercises. (Wajahnya tampak segar karena dia selalu makan dengan baik, tidur cukup, dan berolahraga.) Keterangan: §  adjective = fresh §  subordinate conjunction = because
memberikan informasi tentang adverb	He drove fast in order that he could arrive on time. (Dia mengemudi dengan cepat agar dia dapat tiba tepat waktu.) Keterangan: §  adverb = fast §  subordinate conjunction = in order that

Macam dan Contoh Kalimat Adverbial Clause

Subordinate Conjunction	Contoh Kalimat Adverbial Clause
time (waktu) after, as, as long as, as soon as, at last, before, by the time, during, everytime, no, once, since, then, till, until, when, whenever, while	I’m going to give her this present after our surprise party on tuesday. (Saya akan memberinya kado ini setelah pesta kejutan kita pada hari selasa.) I was studying in the library when someone greeted me. (Saya sedang belajar di perpustakaan ketika seseorang menyapa saya.)
place (tempat) anywhere, everywhere, where, wherever	I take it with me wherever I go. (Saya membawa itu kemanapun saya pergi.)
contrast (pertentangan) although, as the time, but, even if, even though, on the other hand, still, though, whereas, while, yet	He did nothing although he was fired and didn’t receive his final paycheck. (Dia tidak melakukan apapun meskipun dia dipecat dan tidak mendapatkan gaji terakhir.) Though I’m annoyed, I try to keep calm. (Meskipun saya jengkel, saya mencoba untuk tetap tenang.)
cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) as, as long as, because, due to the fact that, how, in as much as, since, so..that, such..that, that	Because she had free time during last holiday, she rearranged her house. (Karena dia punya waktu luang selama liburan lalu, dia menata ulang rumahnya.)
purpose (tujuan) in case, in order that, in the hope that, least, so that, to the end that	I’ll tell you the best route so that you arrive on time. (Saya akan mengatakan padamu rute terbaik supaya kamu tiba tepat waktu.)
condition (syarat) as long as /in so far as, even if, if, if..not, in case (that), in the event that, on condition that, only if, otherwise, provided /providing (that), suppose /supposing that, unless, whether or not	She’ll come to my party only if you accompany her. (Dia akan datang ke pesta saya jika kamu menemaninya.) As long as you don’t break the law, you will be fine. (Jika kamu tidak melanggar hukum, kamu akan baik-baik saja.) I can’t help you unless you tell me what’s going on. (Saya tidak dapat membantumu kecuali kamu memberitahu saya apa yang sedang terjadi.)
manner (cara) as, how, in that, the way	You can live your life how you want. (Kamu dapat menjalani hidup seperti yang kamu inginkan.)

 

Latihan

1.      what is adverbial clause ?

Answer :

Adverbial clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adverb (kata keterangan) dan memberikan informasi tentang verb (kata kerja), adjective (kata sifat), atau adverb yang berada pada independent clause dengan kapasitasnya menjawab pertanyaan:

Ø  how (bagaimana)

Ø  when (kapan)

Ø  where (di mana)

Ø  why (mengapa)

Ø  to what degree (sampai tingkat apa)

2.      mention various kinds of adverbial clause!

Answer :

Ø  adverbial clause of time (waktu)

Ø  adverbial clause of place (tempat)

Ø  adverbial cause and effect (sebab dan akibat)

Ø  adverbial clause purpose and result (tujuan dan hasil)

Ø  adverbial clause of condition (pengandaian)

Ø  adverbial clause of contrast/consession (pertentangan)

Ø  adverbial clause of manner (cara)

Ø  adverbial clause of reason (alasan)

3.      What is the adverbial clause function ?

Answer :

Fungsi	Contoh Kalimat Adverbial Clause
memberikan informasi tentang verb	You were sleeping when she arrived. (Dia tiba ketika kamu sedang tertidur.) Keterangan: §  verb = were sleeping §  subordinate conjunction = when
memberikan informasi tentang adjective	Her face looks fresh because she always eats well, sleeps enough, and exercises. (Wajahnya tampak segar karena dia selalu makan dengan baik, tidur cukup, dan berolahraga.) Keterangan: §  adjective = fresh §  subordinate conjunction = because
memberikan informasi tentang adverb	He drove fast in order that he could arrive on time. (Dia mengemudi dengan cepat agar dia dapat tiba tepat waktu.) Keterangan: §  adverb = fast §  subordinate conjunction = in order that

References:

Kinds of Sentences and Their Punctuation. http://www.towson.edu/ows/sentences.htm. Accessed on September 30, 2012.

Dependent Clauses: Adverbial, Adjectival, Nominal. http://www.towson.edu/ows/advadjnomclause.htm. Accessed on October 5, 2012.

Clauses: the Essential Building-Blocks. http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/clauses.htm. Accessed on October 5, 2012.

When/While Indicating time-relative activities. http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/adv_whenwhile.html. Accessed on December 12, 2012.

Using Adverb Clause with Time Expressions. http://esl.about.com/od/grammaradvanced/a/adverb_clauses.htm. Accessed on May 31, 2013.

Adverb Clause. http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/qdvclterm.htm. Accessed on May 31, 2013.

Where. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/where. Accessed on December 2, 2015.

https://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-fungsi-macam-contoh-kalimat-adverbial-clauses

Noun Clause

NOUN CLAUSE

A.    DEFINITION OF NOUN CLAUSE

A dependent, or subordinate, clause contains a subject and a verb or verb phrase but does not express a complete thought. As a result, it cannot stand alone as a sentence. Dependent clauses can function either as noun clauses, adjective clauses, or adverb clauses.

            A noun clause is a dependent clause that acts as a noun. Noun clauses begin with words such as how, that, what, whatever, when, where, whether, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, and why. Noun clauses can act as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, predicate nominatives, or objects of a preposition.

A.    NOUN CLAUSE AS DIRECT OBJECTS

·         All sentences, then, are clauses, but not all clauses are sentences. In the following sentences, for example, the direct object slot contains a clause rather than a noun phrase. These are examples of noun clauses :

Ø  I know that the students studied their assignment.

Ø  I wonder what is making Tracy so unhappy.

“These noun clauses are examples of dependent clauses—in contrast to independent clauses, those clauses that function as complete sentences.” (Martha Kolln and Robert Funk, Understanding English Grammar, 5th ed., Allyn and Bacon, 1998)

·         “A Colorado study found that the average homeless person cost the state forty-three thousand dollars a year, while housing that person would cost just seventeen thousand dollars”  (James Surowiecki, "Home Free?" The New Yorker, September 22, 2014)

B.     NOUN CLAUSE STARTERS

These words include the word that, which in its role as a noun clause starter is not a relative pronoun, for it serves no grammatical role in the clause; it just starts the clause. For example: The committee stated that it would follow the agent's policy. Here the noun clause serves the noun role of direct object of the transitive verb stated. But a careful look at the clause reveals that the word thatdoes not serve any role within the clause, other than simply to get it going.

Other noun clause starters do serve grammatical roles within the clause. For example: We know who caused all the trouble. Here the noun clause starter is the relative pronoun who. Notice that inside the noun clause who serves as the grammatical subject of the verb caused.

“Additional words serve as noun clause starters. A relative adverb can get one going: How he won the election mystified the pundits. So can a relative pronoun acting as an adjective: We know which career she will pursue. In these two sentences, how is an adverb modifying the verb won, and which is a relative-pronoun-adjective modifying the noun career.”
(C. Edward Good, A Grammar Book for You and I--Oops, Me! Capital Books, 2002)

A.    EXAMPLES AND OBSERVATIONS OF NOUN CLAUSES

• When Mrs. Frederick C. Little's second son arrived, everybody noticed that he was not much bigger than a mouse
• What I like doing most of all in the evenings, these days, is sitting in a gormless stupor in front of the television, eating chocolate
• A university is what a college becomes when the faculty loses interest in students
• I know that there are things that never have been funny, and never will be. And I know that ridicule may be a shield, but it is not a weapon
• I believe that there is a subtle magnetism in Nature, which, if we unconsciously yield to it, will direct us aright
• The thought of stars contributed to the power of his feeling. What moved himwas a sense of those worlds around us, our knowledge however imperfect of their nature, our sense of their possessing some grain of our past and of our lives to come
• Whoever was the person behind Stonehenge was one dickens of a motivator, I'll tell you that
• How we remember, what we remember, and why we remember form the most personal map of our individuality
• How people knew when they were being trailed he found himself unable to imagine"This is the story of what a Woman's patience can endure, and of what a Man's resolution can achieve

B.     QUESTIONS

1.      What is definition of noun clause?

2.      What can noun clause be?

3.      What is noun clause starter?

Find out the noun clauses in the following sentences and state what purpose they serve.

1.    The king ordered that the traitor should be put to death.
2.    He said that he would not go.
3.    That he is not interested in the offer is known to us.
4.    He said that he was not feeling well.
5.    I cannot rely on what he says.
6.    I don’t know where he has gone.
7.    He asked whether the servant had polished his shoes.
8.    The news that he is alive has been confirmed.
9.    The belief that the soul is immortal is almost universal.
10.    It is certain that we will have to admit defeat.
11.    It was fortunate that he was present.
12.    The report that only ten persons were killed in the riots is not true.

BIBLIOGRAPHY :

·         https://www.thoughtco.com/noun-nominal-clause-1691440

·http://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=Awr9JhfVMexb.1wAX0hXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEyOTFxdDQ1BGNvbG8DZ3ExBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDQjQwMzdfMQRzZWMDc3I-/RV=2/RE=1542234710/RO=10/RU=http%3a%2f%2fwww.grammar-monster.com%2fglossary%2fnoun_clauses.htm/RK=2/RS=L.jBoe80QoK54NXnhvGGTv7nuHw-

·         https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=Awr9JhfVMexb.1wAYUhXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEyZ2ltaXBqBGNvbG8DZ3ExBHBvcwMyBHZ0aWQDQjQwMzdfMQRzZWMDc3I-/RV=2/RE=1542234710/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2fwww.k12reader.com%2fterm%2fnoun-clause%2f/RK=2/RS=tS2LQded7g9qd15smK_zHzrBwyE-

·         http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/nouns/noun-clause.html

·         https://www.englishpractice.com/grammar/noun-clause-exercise/

adjective clause

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

1. DEPENDENT CLAUSES

Dependent clauses have the subject and predicate but can not stand alone. They depend on another clause to have meaning. Examples are: "When you finish your work" and "unless I get more money." With each of these, you want to ask "What?" because the thought was not finished. Dependent clauses are also called subordinate clauses and they start with a subordinate conjunction. This is the word that links the dependent clause to the rest of the sentence.

Examples of subordinate conjunctions are: how, where, when, why, unless, although, after, as far as, as if, because, before, once, whether, while, now that, until, since, and unless.

The three types of dependent clauses are:

• Adverbial (or adverb) - Adverbial clauses function as an adverb and answer the questions: when, where, why, how, and how much. Examples include: "Now that it rained a lot, the grass turned green." and "I am much olderthan my brother."

• Nominal - Nominal clauses function as a noun and can be the subject, an object, an appositive, or a complement. Sometimes nominal clauses start with an interrogative like: who, what, when, where, how, who, which, or why. Examples of nominal clauses are: "They always fought overwho should pay the bill" and "Whoever did thisis in big trouble."

• Adjectival (or adjective)

2. DEFINITION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

In English grammar, an adjective clause is a dependent clause used as an adjectivewithin a sentence. Also known as an adjectival clause or a relative clause.

An adjective clause usually begins with a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom, whose), a relative adverb (where, when, why), or a zero relative

Adjectives clauses have a subject and a verb (or predicate). They will start with a relative pronoun, like: that, who, whom, whose, or which, or a relative adverb, like why, where, or when. Adjective clauses function as an adjective and modify nouns and pronouns. They are also called relative clauses.

Just as the other dependent clauses, the adjective clause does not express a complete thought. It does not need commas separating it from the rest of the sentence if it has essential information in it; that is if you need the information it provides. If it gives additional information, then you use commas. A good way to test for this is to leave out the clause, read the sentence, and see if the meaning of the two sentences is different.

There are two basic types of adjective clauses.

• The first type is the nonrestrictive or nonessential adjective clause. This clause simply gives extra information about the noun. In the sentence, 'My older brother's car, which he bought two years ago, has already needed many repairs,' the adjective clause, 'which he bought two years ago,' is nonrestrictive or nonessential. It provides extra information.
• "The second type is the restrictive or essential adjective clause. It offers essential [information] and is needed to complete the sentence's thought. In the sentence, 'The room that you reserved for the meeting is not ready,' the adjective clause, 'that you reserved for the meeting,' is essential because it restricts which room."

3. ADJECTIVES

Since adjective clauses act like adjectives, you may want more information about adjectives. Some adjectives express the writer's opinion of a noun or pronoun, like silly, lovely, awful, and outrageous. These are called opinion adjectives.Some adjectives are descriptive, telling about the physical characteristics of size, shape, color, or age. Examples include: huge, wee, rectangular, oval, bluish, purple, new, and ancient.An origin adjective tells where an object originated or where is came from. These are adjectives like: eastern, lunar, Egyptian, or German.

The composition of a noun or pronoun will be described by a material adjective. Examples are: woolen, plastic, metal, or silk.Some adjectives tell what purpose an object is used for. These many times end with an "ing." Some examples include: baking, fishing, testing, or hunting.Lastly, some adjectives compare and have levels of comparison. These are words like: "good, better, best", "dry, drier, driest", and "beautiful, more beautiful, and most beautiful." Other adjectives compare but only on one level, like: unique, main, impossible, final, and inevitable.

4. EXAMPLES OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

Below are some examples of sentences containing adjective clauses, with explanations.

• The lady who lives across the street is my aunt.

The subject of the clause is "who" and the verb is "lives". This clause is giving us more information about the "lady"-which one?

• The book that is on the chair belongs to Marvin.

The subject of the clause is "that" and the verb is "is". This clause is giving us more information about the "book"-which one.

Here are some additional examples of sentences with adjective clauses.

• I do not like people who are mean to animals. (gives more information about people)
• Did you go to the school where my friend Jim goes? (gives more information about school)
• The moment when the clown burst in to surprise the teacher was great! (gives more information about the moment)
• The reason why I left is a secret. (gives more information about reason)
• Can you see the bird that is on the fence? (gives more information about bird)
• The cat whom we are watching just caught a mouse! (gives more information about cat)
• The boy whose shoes are on the floor is my little brother. (gives more information about boy)

 

Questions

Directions: Put the two sentences together to create one sentence by making an adjective clause.  Note: There may be more than one answer.   

1. I love movies.  Movies are exciting.  

2. Do you have a dog?  The dog is large with white fur.

3. She is the lady.  The lady helped me find the magazine I was looking for.

4. Mount Everest is very dangerous to climb.  Mount Everest is the highest   mountain in the world.

5. Cars are very efficient.  The cars run on electricity.

6. Dr. Jones writes books.  Dr. Jones is a retired university professor.

7. This is the ring.  My mother gave me the ring for my wedding.

8. New York's Long Island has a booming real estate market.  Long Island is shaped like a fish.

9.  The manager is from Brazil.  She is in my office.

10. The music is rock and roll.  I listen to the music.

SUMBER :

·         http://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/adjective_clauses.htm

·         https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-adjective-clause-p2-1689063

·         http://www.softschools.com/examples/grammar/adjective_clause_examples/78/

·         http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/adjectives/adjective-clause.html

·         https://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&ved=2ahUKEwjo3tjszqDeAhUEpo8KHXACCjcQFjAEegQIARAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsri_hartati.staff.gunadarma.ac.id%2FDownloads%2Ffiles%2F29742%2FADJECTIVE%2BCLAUSES.doc&usg=AOvVaw3hKtMHWoZUEzf__g-KxKs5